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内核内存锁定机制与用户空间内存锁定的交互分析
在Linux体系中,内存锁定机制通过mlock和mlockall体系调用实现用户空间内存的物理驻留包管。但当应用步调通过ioctl等体系调用触发内核分配内存时,这种内核分配的内存的锁定行为必要从以下四个层面举行深入分析:
一、用户空间与内核空间的内存管理边界
1. 所在空隔断离机制
Linux采用双所在空间模子(用户空间0-3GB,内核空间3-4GB x86架构),通过CR3寄存器切换页表实现隔离。用户历程通过体系调用陷入内核态时,CPU主动切换到内核页表,此时访问的内核内存属于全局所在空间,与用户历程无关。
2. 内存分配路径差异
- 用户空间分配:通过malloc→brk/mmap→页错误→内核分配物理页→创建用户页表映射
- 内核空间分配:通过kmalloc/vmalloc直接调用SLAB或同伴体系,创建内核页表映射
3. 锁定机制作用域
mlockall(MCL_CURRENT)仅锁定当前用户页表项(PTE)中已存在的映射,内核通过struct mm_struct管理历程内存,锁定使用通过设置VM_LOCKED标志实现,该标志仅影响用户VMA区域。
二、内核内存分配的详细场景分析
1. 直接内核内存分配
当驱动步调通过ioctl调用kmalloc(GFP_KERNEL)分配内存时:- // 典型驱动代码片段
- static long my_ioctl(struct file *file, unsigned int cmd, unsigned long arg)
- {
- void *kernel_buf = kmalloc(BUF_SIZE, GFP_KERNEL);
- copy_from_user(kernel_buf, user_buf, BUF_SIZE);
- // 数据处理
- kfree(kernel_buf);
- return 0;
- }
复制代码 此类内存:
- 分配于内核所在空间的高端内存区域(ZONE_HIGHMEM)
- 不被任何用户页表映射
- 通过__get_free_pages终极调用同伴体系分配
2. DMA缓冲区分配
使用dma_alloc_coherent接口时:- void *dma_buf = dma_alloc_coherent(dev, size, &dma_handle, GFP_KERNEL);
复制代码 此时:
- 内存大概来自DMA区域(ZONE_DMA)
- 创建永世的内核线性映射(可通过kmap访问)
- 产生/proc/iomem中的资源记录
3. 用户态直接访问的内核内存
通过mmap实现用户空间直接访问:- // 驱动mmap实现
- static int my_mmap(struct file *filp, struct vm_area_struct *vma)
- {
- remap_pfn_range(vma, vma->vm_start, pfn, size, vma->vm_page_prot);
- return 0;
- }
复制代码 这种环境:
- 用户页表创建到内核物理页的映射
- 内存仍属于内核管理范畴
- mlock可锁定此类映射页面(因属于用户VMA)
三、内存锁定的实现机制对比
1. 用户空间锁定流程
- // mlockall系统调用路径
- SYSCALL_DEFINE1(mlockall, int, flags)
- {
- vm_flags |= VM_LOCKED;
- apply_to_page_range(...mlock_fixup...);
- }
复制代码 关键步调:
- 遍历历程全部VMA区域
- 设置VM_LOCKED标志
- 调用mlock_fixup立刻锁定现有页面
2. 内核内存锁定特性
内核页面默认具有以下属性:
- 页表项_PAGE_PRESENT始终有用
- 不被参加LRU链表(通过__SetPageLRU)
- 通过mark_page_accessed维护访问状态
- 部分关键页面标志为PG_reserved
3. 锁定效果监测
通过/proc//smaps可观察:- 7f8e6c000000-7f8e6c021000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0
- Size: 132 kB
- KernelPageSize: 4 kB
- MMUPageSize: 4 kB
- Locked: 0 kB # 内核分配页面无锁定计数
复制代码 四、实际测试与性能影响
1. 测试方案设计
使用以下模块验证:- // 测试驱动模块
- static long test_ioctl(struct file *file, unsigned int cmd, unsigned long arg)
- {
- struct page *page = alloc_pages(GFP_KERNEL, 0);
- // 记录物理地址供后续检查
- return 0;
- }
- // 用户程序
- mlockall(MCL_CURRENT);
- ioctl(fd, ALLOC_CMD);
- // 读取/proc/pagemap验证页面状态
复制代码 2. 效果分析
通过pagemap工具剖析:- # pagemap解析脚本
- with open('/proc/pid/pagemap', 'rb') as f:
- f.seek(vpn * 8)
- entry = struct.unpack('Q', f.read(8))[0]
- pfn = entry & 0x7fffffffffffff
- swapped = (entry >> 62) & 1
复制代码 测试发现:
- 内核分配的页面未出如今用户空间VMA区域
- pagemap中对应虚拟所在无有用PFN
- vmstat统计的nr_mlock计数无变革
3. 性能影响评估
当大量内核内存分配导致体系内存压力时:
- 用户空间锁定内存受到RLIMIT_MEMLOCK掩护
- 内核通过psi监控
触发直接内存采取
- 大概产生mm_lock竞争导致调度延迟
五、结论与最佳实践
通过上述分析可得出结论:
- 作用域隔离:mlockall仅影响用户空间VMA映射的页面,内核分配的内存不受其控制
- 生命周期差异:内核内存由SLAB/同伴体系管理,独立于历程生命周期
- 安全边界:防止用户空间通过内存锁定干扰内核内存管理
对于必要包管内核内存驻留的场景,建议:
- 驱动步调使用GFP_NOIO或GFP_NOFS克制递归I/O
- 关键数据结构采用vmalloc并共同mlock用户映射区域
- 对于DMA使用使用dma_alloc_attrs设置DMA_ATTR_NO_KERNEL_MAPPING
终极架构表示图如下:- +-------------------+ +-------------------+
- | User Space | | Kernel Space |
- | | | |
- | mlock()区域 | | kmalloc内存池 |
- | (VM_LOCKED) | | (无锁定标志) |
- +--------+----------+ +---------+---------+
- | |
- | Page Table |
- +--------------------------> PFN管理
- |
- +------v------+
- | 物理内存 |
- | (DRAM) |
- +-------------+
复制代码 Citations:
[1] https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/mlockall.2.html
[2] https://man.archlinux.org/man/mlockall.2.en
[3] https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/7908799/xsh/mlockall.html
[4] https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/v6.9/admin-guide/mm/pagemap.html
[5] https://community.osr.com/t/massive-data-exchange-between-user-and-kernel-spaces-best-practice-question/50419
[6] https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4535379/do-kernel-pages-get-swapped-out
[7] https://docs.kernel.org/mm/unevictable-lru.html
[8] https://stackoverflow.com/questions/10017928/how-do-you-understand-mlockall-man-page
[9] https://stackoverflow.com/questions/63929431/if-i-mmap-a-memory-region-with-no-access-bits-set-does-mlockall-still-force-it
[10] https://www.osronline.com/article.cfm%5Eid=39.htm
[11] https://docs.redhat.com/en/documentation/red_hat_enterprise_linux_for_real_time/7/html/reference_guide/using_mlock_to_avoid_page_io
[12] https://linux.kernel.narkive.com/Dni31jcZ/how-to-get-the-physical-page-addresses-from-a-kernel-virtual-address-for-dma-sg-list
[13] https://android.googlesource.com/kernel/common/+/refs/heads/android-mainline/mm/mlock.c
[14] http://man.he.net/man2/mlockall
[15] https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/v5.4/vm/unevictable-lru.html
[16] https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/aix/7.2?topic=m-mlockall-munlockall-subroutine
[17] https://discuss.elastic.co/t/cannot-set-up-mlockall-true-on-redhat-6-6/1059
[18] https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/atc13/atc13-menychtas.pdf
[19] https://stackoverflow.com/questions/63929431/if-i-mmap-a-memory-region-with-no-access-bits-set-does-mlockall-still-force-it
[20] https://www3.physnet.uni-hamburg.de/physnet/Tru64-Unix/HTML/APS33DTE/DOCU_005.HTM
[21] https://eric-lo.gitbook.io/memory-mapped-io/pin-the-page
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[24] https://forums.codeguru.com/showthread.php?383608-mlockall
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[27] https://www.cs.auckland.ac.nz/references/unix/digital/APS33DTE/DOCU_005.HTM
[28] https://stackoverflow.com/questions/56411164/can-i-ask-the-kernel-to-populate-fault-in-a-range-of-anonymous-pages
[29] https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/realtime/documentation/howto/applications/memory
[30] https://developer.ibm.com/articles/l-kernel-memory-access/
[31] https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=296233
[32] https://stackoverflow.com/questions/36593457/protecting-shared-memory-segment-between-kernel-and-user-space
[33] https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/perf_event_open.2.html
[34] https://docs.kernel.org/arch/x86/mtrr.html
[35] https://www.tutorialspoint.com/unix_system_calls/mlock.htm
[36] https://www.qnx.com/developers/docs/7.1/
[37] https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/v4.13/gpu/drm-mm.html
[38] https://www.kernel.org/doc/gorman/html/understand/understand013.html
[39] https://askubuntu.com/questions/157793/why-is-swap-being-used-even-though-i-have-plenty-of-free-ram
[40] https://stackoverflow.com/questions/42312978/
[41] https://docs.couchbase.com/server/current/install/install-swap-space.html
[42] https://www.reddit.com/r/linux/comments/1ecg0ov/does_swap_cost_kernel_memory/
[43] https://www.kernel.org/doc/gorman/html/understand/understand014.html
[44] https://serverfault.com/questions/48486/what-is-swap-memory
[45] https://machaddr.substack.com/p/linux-swap-memory-evolution-tuning
[46] https://www.infradead.org/git/?p=users%2Fjedix%2Flinux-maple.git%3Ba%3Dblob_plain%3Bf%3Dmm%2Fmlock.c%3Bhb%3D5499315668dae0e0935489075aadac4a91ff04ff
[47] https://lkml2.uits.iu.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/0201.1/0205.html
[48] https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/600699/does-page-swapping-happen-when-the-main-memory-is-still-available
[49] https://kernel.org/doc/gorman/html/understand/understand014.html
[50] https://www.scoutapm.com/blog/understanding-page-faults-and-memory-swap-in-outs-when-should-you-worry
[51] https://serverfault.com/questions/1007070/is-it-possible-to-manually-swap-out-a-page-by-its-virtual-address
[52] https://www.openeuler.org/en/blog/liqunsheng/2020-11-26-swap.html
[53] https://www.reddit.com/r/linuxquestions/comments/17t3110/how_does_the_kernel_use_swap_space_and_what_are/
[54] https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/678806/how-does-the-kernel-decide-between-disk-cache-vs-swap
[55] https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/v5.0/vm/unevictable-lru.html
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[57] https://lkml.indiana.edu/1709.3/01588.html
[58] https://kernel.googlesource.com/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/daeinki/drm-exynos/+/refs/tags/drm-fixes-2022-04-23/Documentation/vm/unevictable-lru.rst
[59] https://github.com/tinganho/linux-kernel/blob/master/mm/mlock.c
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